{"id":8612,"date":"2026-07-09T14:02:27","date_gmt":"2026-07-09T05:02:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chihei.net\/?p=8612"},"modified":"2026-07-09T17:39:20","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T08:39:20","slug":"%e3%80%90web%e5%85%88%e8%a1%8c%e5%85%ac%e9%96%8b%e3%80%91%e6%af%94%e8%bc%83%e3%81%ae%e3%81%aa%e3%81%8b%e3%81%ae%e5%9b%bd%e6%97%97%e6%90%8d%e5%a3%8a%e7%bd%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chihei.net\/?p=8612","title":{"rendered":"\u3010Web\u5148\u884c\u516c\u958b\u3011\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u306a\u304b\u306e\u56fd\u65d7\u640d\u58ca\u7f6a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32e5dfe1948c7b9c8f34f3017f5a2712 wp-block-paragraph\" 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300c\u9069\u7528\u4e0a\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306e\u9069\u7528\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u306e\u4fdd\u969c\u3059\u308b\u56fd\u6c11\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3068\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u4e0d\u5f53\u306b\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7559\u610f\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300d\u3068\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u3053\u3053\u3067\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u8457\u3057\u3044\u4e0d\u5feb\u306a\u611f\u60c5\u3092\u62b1\u304b\u305b\u308b\u4ed5\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u300c\u56fd\u65d7\u3092\u50b7\u3064\u3051\u308b\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u51e6\u7f70\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3088\u3044\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u56fd\u65d7\u3092\u713c\u304f\u3001\u7834\u308b\u3001\u6c5a\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u3084\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u3044\u6297\u8b70\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u5211\u7f70\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6fc0\u3057\u3044\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u3069\u3053\u307e\u3067\u8a31\u3059\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u672c\u6cd5\u6848\u3092\u63a8\u9032\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u3001\u3008\u4ed6\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u56fd\u65d7\u640d\u58ca\u884c\u70ba\u304c\u51e6\u7f70\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u898f\u5b9a\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u304a\u304b\u3057\u3044\u3009 \u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u3001\u5916\u56fd\u306e\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u73cd\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u306b <em>Comparaison n\u2019est pas raison <\/em>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3060\u3051\u3067\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u306a\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u5916\u56fd\u306b\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5236\u5ea6\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5236\u5ea6\u3092\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u7406\u7531\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5236\u5ea6\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u4eba\u6a29\u4fdd\u969c\u3068\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u4fdd\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u898b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u305d\u3053\u3067\u672c\u7a3f\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u4eba\u6a29\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3092\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u306b\u3001\u56fd\u65d7\u640d\u58ca\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u51e6\u7f70\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u61b2\u6cd5\u3068\u56fd\u65d7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u61b2\u6cd5\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u56fd\u65d7\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306b\u771f\u3063\u5148\u306b\u601d\u3044\u6d6e\u304b\u3076\u306e\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u4e0b\u3057\u305f2\u3064\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3001\u30d0\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u5224\u6c7a\uff08West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)\uff09\u3068\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\u5224\u6c7a\uff08Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989)\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30d0\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u5224\u6c7a\u306f\u3001\u30a6\u30a7\u30b9\u30c8\u30fb\u30f4\u30a1\u30fc\u30b8\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u304c\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u751f\u5f92\u306b\u56fd\u65d7\u656c\u793c\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5fe0\u8aa0\u5ba3\u8a93\u3092\u7fa9\u52d9\u3065\u3051\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4e0a\u306e\u7406\u7531\u304b\u3089\u3053\u308c\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u305f\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u4fe1\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u751f\u5f92\u3068\u305d\u306e\u89aa\u304c\u8a34\u8a1f\u3092\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u306f\u30013\u5e74\u524d\u306b\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u3092\u5408\u61b2\u3068\u3057\u305f\u30b4\u30d3\u30bf\u30a4\u30b9\u5224\u6c7a\uff08Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586 (1940)\uff09\u2014\u2014\u540c\u5224\u6c7a\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u5404\u5730\u3067\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8feb\u5bb3\u304c\u983b\u767a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u2014\u2014\u3092\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u5909\u66f4\u3057\u3001\u56fd\u65d7\u656c\u793c\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5fe0\u8aa0\u5ba3\u8a93\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u306a\u3044\u3057\u4fe1\u6761\u306e\u8868\u660e\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9055\u61b2\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\u5224\u6c7a\u306f\u3001\u307e\u3055\u306b\u56fd\u65d7\u640d\u58ca\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u51e6\u7f70\u3059\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b5\u30b9\u5dde\u6cd5\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\u306f\u30011984\u5e74\u306b\u540c\u5dde\u30c0\u30e9\u30b9\u3067\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5171\u548c\u515a\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u4f1a\u306b\u6297\u8b70\u3059\u308b\u30c7\u30e2\u306e\u4e00\u74b0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u661f\u6761\u65d7\u3092\u713c\u5374\u3057\u5211\u4e8b\u7f70\u306b\u554f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u65d7\u713c\u5374\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u884c\u70ba\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u61b2\u6cd5\u306e\u4fdd\u969c\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u51e6\u7f70\u306f\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u305f\u5dde\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u672c\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u8b70\u4f1a\u306f1989\u5e74\u56fd\u65d7\u4fdd\u8b77\u6cd5\u3092\u5236\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u3082\u9055\u61b2\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff08United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990)\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30d0\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u5224\u6c7a\u304c\u4e0b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f\u30011943\u5e746\u67081\u56db\u65e5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u65e5\u306f\u30011777\u5e74\u306b\u661f\u6761\u65d7\u304c\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6b63\u5f0f\u306a\u56fd\u65d7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5236\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a18\u5ff5\u3059\u308b\u300c\u56fd\u65d7\u306e\u65e5\uff08Flag Day\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30021943\u5e746\u6708\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u3068\u6226\u4e89\u4e2d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u30011942\u5e746\u6708\u306e\u30df\u30c3\u30c9\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u6d77\u6226\u30011943\u5e742\u6708\u306e\u30ac\u30c0\u30eb\u30ab\u30ca\u30eb\u5cf6\u304b\u3089\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8ecd\u64a4\u9000\u3092\u7d4c\u3066\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6226\u4e89\u306e\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6a29\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5074\u3078\u79fb\u308a\u3064\u3064\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u304c\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u52dd\u5229\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u306a\u304a\u6570\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8cb4\u91cd\u306a\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u5175\u58eb\u306e\u751f\u547d\u304c\u72a0\u7272\u306b\u306a\u3089\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e88\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u6226\u610f\u3092\u9ad8\u63da\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u56fd\u65d7\u304c\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u73fe\u8c61\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3053\u306e\u5f53\u6642\u65e5\u306e\u4e38\u304c\u51fa\u5f81\u3084\u6226\u610f\u9ad8\u63da\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5e83\u304f\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3053\u306e\u6226\u4e89\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u72ec\u3089\u306e\u5e02\u6c11\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5168\u4f53\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f53\u5236\u3068\u306e\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u5ff5\u300d\u3092\u8ced\u3051\u305f\u6226\u4e89\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u56fd\u65d7\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8c61\u5fb4\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30d0\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u5224\u6c7a\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u6226\u6642\u4e0b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u56fd\u5bb6\u304c\u5e02\u6c11\u306e\u5185\u5fc3\u3084\u601d\u60f3\u3092\u7d71\u5236\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308d\u56fd\u3068\u3057\u3066\u601d\u60f3\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u5b88\u308b\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3053\u305d\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6226\u4e89\u3092\u9042\u884c\u3059\u308b\u5927\u7fa9\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3046\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u610f\u898b\u306e\u8868\u660e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u56fd\u65d7\u640d\u58ca\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u51e6\u7f70\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3008\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u56fd\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3009\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u3092\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306b\u50b7\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\u5224\u6c7a\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u3068\u6df1\u304f\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5168\u4f53\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f53\u5236\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u8c61\u5fb4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u56fd\u65d7<strong>\u2015\u2015\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u56fd\u5bb6\u8c61\u5fb4\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30d0\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u5224\u6c7a\u304c\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u6575\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5ff5\u982d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5168\u4f53\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f53\u5236\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u306f\u3001\u30ca\u30c1\u30b9\u4f53\u5236\u306e\u5d29\u58ca\u5f8c\u3001\u30ca\u30c1\u30b9\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u9264\u5341\u5b57\u65d7\u3092\u6539\u3081\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4f1d\u7d71\u3092\u793a\u3059\u9ed2\u30fb\u8d64\u30fb\u91d1\u306e\u4e09\u8272\u65d7\u3092\u9023\u90a6\u65d7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5fa9\u6d3b\u3055\u305b\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\uff08\u61b2\u6cd5\uff09\u306b\u660e\u8a18\u3057\u305f\uff0822\u6761\u3002\u73fe\u884c22\u67612\u9805\uff09\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u5211\u6cd590\uff41\u6761\u306f\u3001\u300c\u56fd\u5bb6\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u8c61\u5fb4\u306e\u5192\u6d9c\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7f70\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u3001\u516c\u7136\u3068\u3001\u96c6\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u9812\u5e03\u7269\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u3084\u5dde\u306e\u56fd\u65d7\u7b49\u3092\u8ab9\u6bc0\u3059\u308b\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u30013\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u5211\u307e\u305f\u306f\u7f70\u91d1\u3092\u79d1\u3059\u898f\u5b9a\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u660e\u6587\u3067\u304b\u306a\u308a\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u898f\u5b9a\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u3067\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u65d7\u640d\u58ca\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\u51e6\u7f70\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u9023\u90a6\u61b2\u6cd5\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c1990\u5e743\u67087\u65e5\u306b\u4e0b\u3057\u305f\u56fd\u65d7\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff08BVerfGE 81, 278\uff09\u306f\u3001\u53cd\u8ecd\u56fd\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u6587\u96c6\u306e\u88cf\u8868\u7d19\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3001\u56fd\u65d7\u3078\u306e\u653e\u5c3f\u3092\u542b\u3080\u30b3\u30e9\u30fc\u30b8\u30e5\u3092\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3059\u308b\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u306e\u81ea\u7531\uff08\u57fa\u672c\u6cd55\u67613\u9805\uff09\u306e\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u305f\u3002\u672c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3067\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u4e0a\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u81ea\u7531\uff085\u67611\u9805\uff09\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306b\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u82b8\u8853\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u304c\u300c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300d\u7b49\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5236\u9650\u306e\u7559\u4fdd\u306b\u670d\u3059\u308b\uff085\u67612\u9805\uff09\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u306f\u7559\u4fdd\u306a\u3057\u306b\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u672c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u306e\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u8c61\u5fb4\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u306b\u9650\u754c\u304c\u753b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7406\u7531\u3068\u304c\u3001\u540c\u3058\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u65d7\u306f\u3001\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u306a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u9023\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u300d\u304c\u7acb\u811a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u3067\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u306a\u57fa\u672c\u79e9\u5e8f\u300d\u3092\u8c61\u5fb4\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3046\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u308c\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u56fd\u5bb6\u304c\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u306a\u56fd\u5bb6\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3053\u305d\u3001\u3008\u56fd\u5bb6\u8c61\u5fb4\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u3009\u3092\u76fe\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u56fd\u5bb6\u306b\u5411\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u6279\u5224\u3092\u514d\u9664\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u306e\u7406\u5ff5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u81ea\u7531\u30fb\u5e73\u7b49\u30fb\u53cb\u611b\u3092\u8c61\u5fb4\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u4e09\u8272\u65d7\u304c\u61b2\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u56fd\u65d7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u660e\u6587\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u5171\u548c\u5236\u61b2\u6cd52\u6761\uff081946\u5e74\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u898f\u5b9a\u3092\u7d99\u627f\u3057\u305f\u73fe\u884c\u7b2c\u4e94\u5171\u548c\u5236\u61b2\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\u300c\u56fd\u65d7\u306f\u3001\u9752\u30fb\u767d\u30fb\u8d64\u306e\u4e09\u8272\u65d7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\u3068\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff082\u67612\u9805\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30002003\u5e74\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3066\u3001\u300c\u516c\u6a29\u529b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u7d44\u7e54\u3055\u308c\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u898f\u5236\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u96c6\u4f1a\u3084\u30a4\u30d9\u30f3\u30c8\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u56fd\u65d7\u4fae\u8fb1\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u8efd\u5fae\u306a\u7f6a\u3068\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u304c\u5c0e\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff08\u5211\u6cd5\u5178433-5-1\u6761\uff09\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u30012010\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u9996\u76f8\u306e\u5b9a\u3081\u305f\u898f\u5247\uff08\u30c7\u30af\u30ec\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u516c\u5e8f\u3092\u4e71\u3059\u304a\u305d\u308c\u306e\u3042\u308b\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e09\u8272\u65d7\u3092\u4fae\u8fb1\u3059\u308b\u610f\u601d\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u516c\u5171\u306e\u5834\u6240\u7b49\u3067\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u56fd\u65d7\u640d\u58ca\u884c\u70ba\u304c\u51e6\u7f70\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306b\u81f3\u308a\u3001\u79c1\u7684\u306a\u5834\u6240\u3067\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3082\u542b\u3081\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u8a18\u9332\u306e\u6d41\u5e03\u884c\u70ba\u3082\u51e6\u5206\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306b\u81f3\u3063\u305f\uff08\u5211\u6cd5\u5178\uff32\u30fb645-15\u6761\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u524d\u8005\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u61b2\u6cd5\u88c1\u5224\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3046\u61b2\u6cd5\u9662\u306f\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u306e\u898f\u5236\u304c\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u3068\u306f\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u304c\u5408\u61b2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5275\u4f5c\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u3082\u306e\u3084\u79c1\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a00\u7b49\u306f\u9069\u7528\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u5916\u3068\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3001\u516c\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u30a4\u30d9\u30f3\u30c8\u3084\u6cd5\u7684\u898f\u5236\u304c\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u30fb\u5a2f\u697d\u30fb\u6587\u5316\u30a4\u30d9\u30f3\u30c8\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u306f\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u3057\u305f\uff08Cons. const., d\u00e9c. n\u00b0 2003-467 DC du 13 mars 2003, Loi pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 int\u00e9rieure\u3001 cons. 104\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u5f8c\u8005\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u884c\u653f\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308b\u56fd\u52d9\u9662\u304c2011\u5e747\u670819\u65e5\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30011789\u5e74\u4eba\u6a29\u5ba3\u8a0010\u6761\u304a\u3088\u307311\u6761\u3001\u306a\u3089\u3073\u306b\u52a0\u76df\u56fd\u306b\u5171\u901a\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u4fdd\u969c\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u4eba\u6a29\u6761\u7d0410\u6761\u306e\u8da3\u65e8\u3092\u8e0f\u307e\u3048\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5236\u9650\u304c\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3068\u308a\u308f\u3051\u516c\u5e8f\u306e\u7dad\u6301\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u63aa\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u9650\u3089\u308c\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u3055\u3089\u306b\u56fd\u52d9\u9662\u306f\u3001\u300c\u3053\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u30fb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u601d\u60f3\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u610f\u601d\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u884c\u70ba\u3084\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u7684\u5275\u4f5c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u51e6\u7f70\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u304b\u306a\u308a\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08CE, 19 juill. 2011, Ligue des droits de l\u2019homme, n\u00b0 343430\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u56fd\u738b\u592b\u59bb\u306e\u5199\u771f\u306e\u713c\u5374\u2015\u2015\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u4eba\u6a29\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6551\u6e08<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u4eba\u6a29\u6761\u7d04\u304c\u53d6\u308a\u6271\u3063\u305f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u56fd\u65d7\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u56fd\u306e\u8c61\u5fb4\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3067\u3042\u308b\u56fd\u738b\u592b\u59bb\u306e\u5199\u771f\u306e\u713c\u5374\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5211\u4e8b\u7f70\u304c\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u304c\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3000\u30b9\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u61b2\u6cd5\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u5f53\u8a72\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3063\u305f\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u738b\u5ba4\u4fae\u8fb1\u7f6a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e0b\u7d1a\u5be9\u306e\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u4eba\u6a29\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u30012018\u5e743\u670813\u65e5\u5224\u6c7a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u3053\u306e\u7a2e\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u6e80\u306e\u8c61\u5fb4\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u6297\u8b70\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7533\u7acb\u4eba\u3089\u304c\u6f14\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3053\u306e\u300e\u30a4\u30d9\u30f3\u30c8\u300f\u306f\u3001\u516c\u5171\u7684\u95a2\u5fc3\u4e8b\u9805\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u610f\u898b\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u884c\u70ba\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u62d8\u7981\u5211\u3092\u8ab2\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5fc5\u8981\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3078\u306e\u4ecb\u5165\u300d\u3060\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u540c\u6761\u7d04\u9055\u53cd\u3092\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\uff08ECtHR\u3001 Stern Taulats and Roura Capellera v. Spain\u3001 nos. 51168\/15 and 51186\/15\u3001 13 March 2018, \u00a736\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3068\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p 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